Brand Identity Design Process Example

Brand Identity Design Process Example Brand Identity Design Process †Book Report/Review Example Marty Neumeier (Neumier 2003) The book â€Å"Brand Gap† by Marty Neumeier was first distributed in 2003. Through this book, Marty Neumier gives a profound understanding about various wherein the hole between business system and configuration can be crossed over. There are a ton of times when there can be a hole or when the business technique isn't fitting. The structure ideas could not be right or their execution could come up short. There are various reasons because of which the brand hole may exist. As indicated by Neumier â€Å" many individuals talk about it. However not very many individuals get it. Significantly less ability to oversee it. All things considered, everybody needs it. What's going on here? Marking. obviously seemingly the most remarkable business apparatus since the spreadsheet. (Neumier 2003)Neumier in this book gives an extensive perspective on the brand and expounds on what the brand is, the reason accomplishes a brand work and all the more critically how to overcome an issue and make that supportable upper hand. The writer proceeds to expound every one of the accompanying controls of brand hole in this book : separation, cooperation, development, approval and cultivation.Alina Wheeler †Designing Brand IdentityThis book by Alina Wheeler, experiences into all the phases of brand character planning in incredible profundity. These incorporate exploration and investigation, brand system, plan advancement through application configuration, dispatch and administration. It the book is a complete reference control for all periods of this procedure. Wheeler has upheld book with various contextual investigations from Herman Miller, General Electric and so on to give the peruser a fresh clear picture. (Wheeler 2000)BibliographyNeumier, Marty. The Brand Gap. Berkeley: New Riders, 2003.Wheeler, Alina. Planning Brand Identity. The International Coolhunting Magazine, 2000.

Ocean Flying free essay sample

Section 1: The Sky I gaze upward. I am canvassed in a cover of dark licorice. The moon strokes my cheeks, stimulating the tips of my ears and my nose. I lay on the teak deck of the SSV Tole Mour close to three young ladies, individuals whom I consider as close as family, sufficiently close to talk about that which I fear. I reveal to them I am apprehensive I won't carry on with my life to its fullest potential, that the feelings others have of me will drive me down ways I would prefer not take. I reveal to them I don’t care what the world considers me, yet like all people, I am influenced by its suppositions. I dread an existence of silliness, an actual existence tied to similarity, similar to that of Sisyphus. I need to carry on with my life as we do here on the Tole Mour, I state, an actual existence where love is the string that ties us together, where we regard one another, permit our interests to fuel us, where we are not reluctant to communicate our feelings. We will compose a custom article test on Sea Flying or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page There is no disgrace on the Tole Mour; we discover excellence in that which others would avoid, similar to the magnificence of the sky above us. The four of us look into together. The magnificence of the full moon appears to move over the polished surface of our eyes, appearing to give the thumbs up to an existence of experience. I close my eyes, and to the shaking of the boat, I am influenced to rest. Section 2: The Land I glance around. The quiet was stunning. For nineteen minutes, the whole group of the Tole Mour was totally quiet, with just the hints of the water filling our eardrums with fulfilling reverberations. During a typical sail strike, which means the bringing down and rolling of the lower seven sails, orders would be heard resounding all through the boat, with callbacks considerably stronger than the orders themselves. Setting and striking sails on the Tole Mour is normally seen as consummately arranged disorder. This time, with recommendation by the main mate, we chose to do a totally quiet strike. It was the most excellent scene I had each seen, eighteen bodies working in complete harmony as seven sails were brought down and rolled without a sound yet the ocean around us. Recollections like these are what keep the SSV Tole Mour near my heart, stimulating the call of the ocean a seemingly endless amount of time after year. I have figured out how to respect excellence in its effortlessne ss, alongside a gratefulness for the â€Å"little things†. In view of the Tole Mour, I sing when I do the dishes, rather than staring at the TV, I watch the mists. Section 3: The Sea I look down-the uneven, peaking influxes of the Pacific untruth twenty-five feet underneath the bowsprit. Above me is only the blue of the sky, the white of the mists. My arms are writhing, wriggling, questionable; there is nothing to clutch. The main path down is to hop, the free fall gifting me with five wonderful seconds of rapture, five seconds of comprehension. I close my eyes and pause. This second, the prior second I permit myself to step away from the edge, before I go out on a limb an, is when acknowledgment sets in For 5 seconds I am unified with nature. I am encircled by immaculateness. It is this straightforward acknowledgment that associates me to the past,that is the string that ties me to a universe of Thoreau, Jack Sparrow, Stravinsky, the Beatles, and Andre Agassi. what's more, Davy Jones Locker. this is the place I feel content. Seconds before I sprinkle into the sea is the point at which I have accomplished all that I buckle down for, however never appear to agree. Here, I am a musician, a writer, a difficult tennis player, an earthy person with arrangements, and a visionary. I open my eyes and I am content and certain. I step off the edge, and for one minute, I can fly.

Sumter, Thomas

Sumter, Thomas Sumter, Thomas, 1734â€"1832, American Revolutionary officer, b. near Charlottesville, Va. He served with Edward Braddock (1755) and John Forbes (1758) in their expeditions against Fort Duquesne in the French and Indian War, and later he fought against the Cherokee. He settled (1765) in South Carolina. Like Francis Marion, he formed (1780) a guerrilla band in the Revolution and harassed the British in the Carolinas. He and the British leader, Banastre Tarleton, struck at each other through 1780. The gamecock of the Revolution, as Sumter was called, was successful at Hanging Rock, barely escaped with his life at Fishing Creek, was repulsed in a raid on the British post at Rocky Mount, but won again at Blackstock. After the war, he was U.S. Representative (1789â€"93, 1797â€"1801), Senator (1801â€"10), and minister to Brazil (1810â€"11). Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor is named for him. See biographies by A. K. Gregorie (1931) and R. D. Bass (1961). The Columbia Electronic Ency clopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Galileo Galilei, Renaissance Philosopher and Inventor

Galileo Galilei (February 15, 1564–January 8, 1642) was a famous inventor, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher whose inventive mind and stubborn nature ran him into trouble with the Inquisition. Fast Facts: Galileo Galilei Known For: Italian Renaissance philosopher, inventor, and polymath who faced the wrath of the Inquisition for his astronomical studiesBorn: February 15, 1564 in Pisa, ItalyParents: Vincenzo and Giulia Ammannati Galilei (m. July 5, 1562)Died: January 8, 1642 in Arcetri, ItalyEducation: Privately tutored; Jesuit monastery, University of PisaPublished Works: The Starry MessengerSpouse: None; Marina Gamba, mistress (1600–1610)Children: Virginia (1600), Livia Antonia (1601), Vincenzo (1606) Early Life Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564, the oldest of seven children of Giulia Ammannati and Vincenzo Galilei. His father (c. 1525–1591) was a gifted lute musician and wool trader and wanted his son to study medicine because there was more money in that field. Vincenzo was attached to the court and was often traveling. The family was originally named Bonaiuti, but they had an illustrious ancestor named Galileo Bonaiuti  (1370–1450) who was a physician and public officer in Pisa. One branch of the family broke off and began calling itself Galilei (of Galileo), and so Galileo Galilei was doubly named after him. As a child, Galileo made mechanical models of ships and watermills, learned to play the lute to a professional standard, and showed an aptitude for painting and drawing. Originally tutored by a man named Jacopo Borghini, Galileo was sent to the Camaldlese monastery at Vallambroso to study grammar, logic, and rhetoric. He found the contemplative life to his liking, and after four years he joined the community as a novice. This was not exactly what his father had in mind, so Galileo was hastily withdrawn from the monastery. In 1581 at the age of 17, he entered the University of Pisa to study medicine, as his father wished. The University of Pisa At age 20, Galileo noticed a lamp swinging overhead while he was in a cathedral. Curious to find out how long it took the lamp to swing back and forth, he used his pulse to time large and small swings. Galileo discovered something that no one else had ever realized: the period of each swing was exactly the same. The law of the pendulum, which would eventually be used to regulate clocks, made Galileo Galilei instantly famous. Except for mathematics, Galileo was soon bored with the university and the study of medicine. Uninvited, he attended the lecture of court mathematician Ostilio Ricci—who had been assigned by the Duke of Tuscany to teach the court attendants in math, and Galileo was not one of those. Galileo followed up the lecture by reading Euclid on his own; he sent a set of questions to Ricci, the content of which greatly impressed the scholar. Galileos family considered his mathematical studies subsidiary to medicine, but when Vincenzo was informed that their son was in danger of flunking out, he worked out a compromise so that Galileo could be tutored in mathematics by Ricci full-time. Galileos father was hardly overjoyed about this turn of events because a mathematicians earning power was roughly around that of a musician, but it seemed that this might yet allow Galileo to successfully complete his college education. The compromise didnt work out, for Galileo soon left the University of Pisa without a degree. Becoming a Mathematician After he flunked out, Galileo started tutoring students in mathematics to earn a living. He did some experimenting with floating objects, developing a balance that could tell him that a piece of gold, for example, was 19.3 times heavier than the same volume of water. He also started campaigning for his lifes ambition: a position on the mathematics faculty at a major university. Although Galileo was clearly brilliant, he had offended many people in the field and they would choose other candidates for vacancies. Ironically, it was a lecture on literature that would turn Galileos fortunes. The Academy of Florence had been arguing over a 100-year-old controversy: what were the location, shape, and dimensions of Dantes Inferno? Galileo wanted to seriously answer the question from the point of view of a scientist. Extrapolating from Dantes line that the giant Nimrods face was about as long/and just as wide as St. Peters cone in Rome, Galileo deduced that Lucifer himself was 2,000 arm-lengths long. The audience was impressed, and within the year, Galileo had received a three-year appointment to the University of Pisa, the same university that never granted him a degree. The Leaning Tower of Pisa When Galileo arrived at the University, some debate had started up on one of Aristotles laws of nature: that heavier objects fell faster than lighter objects. Aristotles word had been accepted as gospel truth, and there had been few attempts to actually test Aristotles conclusions by actually conducting an experiment. According to legend, Galileo decided to try. He needed to be able to drop the objects from a great height. The perfect building was right at hand—the Tower of Pisa, which was 54 meters (177 feet) tall. Galileo climbed to the top of the building carrying a variety of balls of varying sizes and weights  and dumped them off the top. They all landed at the base of the building at the same time (legend says that the demonstration was witnessed by a huge crowd of students and professors). Aristotle was wrong. It might have helped the junior member of the faculty if Galileo had not continued to behave rudely toward his colleagues. Men are like wine flasks, he once said to a group of students, Look at†¦bottles with the handsome labels. When you taste them, they are full of air or perfume or rouge. These are bottles fit only to pee into! Perhaps not surprisingly, the University of Pisa chose not to renew Galileos contract. The University of Padua Galileo Galilei moved on to the University of Padua. By 1593, he was desperate and in need of additional cash. His father had died, so Galileo was now head of his family. Debts were pressing down on him, most notably the dowry for one of his sisters, which was to be paid in installments over decades. (A dowry could be thousands of crowns, and Galileos annual salary was 180 crowns.) Debtors prison was a real threat if Galileo returned to Florence. What Galileo needed was to come up with some sort of device that could make him a tidy profit. A rudimentary thermometer (which, for the first time, allowed temperature variations to be measured) and an ingenious device to raise water from aquifers found no market. He found greater success in 1596 with a military compass that could be used to accurately aim cannonballs. A modified civilian version that could be used for land surveying came out in 1597 and ended up earning a fair amount of money for Galileo. It helped his profit margin that the instruments were sold for three times the cost of manufacture, he offered classes on how to use the instrument, and the actual toolmaker was paid dirt-poor wages. Galileo needed the money to support his siblings, his mistress (21-year-old Marina Gamba), and his three children (two daughters and a boy). By 1602, Galileos name was famous enough to help bring in students to the University, where Galileo was busily experimenting with magnets. Building a Spyglass (Telescope) During a vacation to Venice in 1609, Galileo Galilei heard rumors that a Dutch spectacle-maker had invented a device that made distant objects seem near at hand (at first called the spyglass and later  renamed the  telescope). A patent had been requested, but not yet granted. The methods were being kept secret because it was obviously of tremendous military value for Holland. Galileo Galilei was determined to attempt to construct his own spyglass. After a frantic 24 hours of experimentation, working only on instinct and bits of rumors—he had never actually seen the Dutch spyglass—he built a three-power telescope. After some refinement, he brought a 10-power telescope to Venice and demonstrated it to a highly impressed Senate. His salary was promptly raised, and he was honored with proclamations. Galileos Observations of the Moon If he had stopped here and become a man of wealth and leisure, Galileo Galilei might be a mere footnote in history. Instead, a revolution started when, one fall evening, the scientist trained his telescope on an object in the sky that all people at that time believed must be a perfect, smooth, polished heavenly body—the moon. To his astonishment, Galileo Galilei viewed a surface that was uneven, rough, and full of cavities and prominences. Many people insisted that Galileo Galilei was wrong, including a mathematician who insisted that even if Galileo was seeing a rough surface on the Moon, that only meant that the entire moon had to be covered in invisible, transparent, smooth crystal. Discovery of Jupiters Satellites Months passed, and his telescopes improved. On January 7, 1610, he turned his 30-power telescope toward Jupiter and found three small, bright stars near the planet. One was off to the west, the other two were to the east, all three in a straight line. The following evening, Galileo once again took a look at Jupiter and found that all three of the stars were now west of the planet, still in a straight line. Observations over the following weeks led Galileo to the inescapable conclusion that these small stars were actually small satellites that were rotating around Jupiter. If there were satellites that didnt move around the Earth, wasnt it possible that the Earth was not the center of the universe? Couldnt the  Copernican  idea of the sun resting at the center of the solar system be correct? Galileo Galilei published his findings in a small book titled The Starry Messenger. A total of 550 copies were published in March 1610, to tremendous public acclaim and excitement. It was the only one of Galileos writings in Latin; most of his work was published in Tuscan. Seeing Saturns Rings There continued to be more discoveries via the new telescope: the appearance of bumps next to the planet Saturn (Galileo thought they were companion stars; the stars were actually the edges of Saturns rings), spots on the Suns surface (though others had actually seen the spots before), and seeing Venus change from a full disk to a sliver of light. For Galileo Galilei, saying that the Earth went around the Sun changed everything since he was contradicting the teachings of the Catholic Church. While some of the churchs mathematicians wrote that his observations were clearly correct, many members of the church believed that he must be wrong. In December 1613, one of the scientists friends told him how a powerful member of the nobility said that she could not see how his observations could be true since they would contradict the Bible. The woman quoted a passage in Joshua in which God causes the sun to stand still and lengthen the day. How could this mean anything other than that the sun went around the Earth? Charged With Heresy Galileo was a religious man and agreed that the Bible could never be wrong. However, he said, the interpreters of the Bible could make mistakes, and it was a mistake to assume that the Bible had to be taken literally. That was one of Galileos major mistakes. At that time, only church priests were allowed to interpret the Bible or define Gods intentions. It was absolutely unthinkable for a mere member of the public to do so. Some of the church clergy started responding, accusing him of heresy. Some clerics went to the Inquisition, the Catholic Church court that investigated charges of heresy, and formally accused Galileo Galilei. This was a very serious matter. In 1600, a man named Giordano Bruno was convicted of being a heretic for believing that the Earth moved about the sun and that there were many planets throughout the universe where life—living creations of God—existed. Bruno was burned to death. However, Galileo was found innocent of all charges and was cautioned not to teach the Copernican system. Sixteen years later, all that would change. The Final Trial The following years saw Galileo work on other projects. With his telescope he watched the movements of Jupiters moons, recorded them as a list, and then came up with a way to use these measurements as a navigation tool. He developed a contraption that would allow a ship captain to navigate with his hands on the wheel, but the contraption looked like a horned helmet. As another amusement, Galileo started writing about ocean tides. Instead of writing his arguments as a scientific paper, he found that it was much more interesting to have an imaginary conversation, or dialogue, between three fictional characters. One character, who would support Galileos side of the argument, was brilliant. Another character would be open to either side of the argument. The final character, named Simplicio, was dogmatic and foolish, representing all of Galileos enemies who ignored any evidence that Galileo was right. Soon, he wrote up a similar dialogue called Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World. This book talked about the Copernican system. Inquisition and Death Dialogue was an immediate hit with the public, but not, of course, with the church. The pope suspected that he was the model for Simplicio. He ordered the book banned and also ordered the scientist to appear before the Inquisition in Rome for the crime of teaching the Copernican theory after being ordered not to do so. Galileo Galilei was 68 years old and sick. Threatened with torture, he publicly confessed that he had been wrong to have said that the Earth moves around the Sun. Legend then has it that after his confession, Galileo quietly whispered, and yet, it moves. Unlike many less famous prisoners, he was allowed to live under house arrest in his house outside of Florence and near one of his daughters, a nun. Until his death in 1642, he continued to investigate other areas of science. Amazingly, he even published a book on force and motion although he had been blinded by an eye infection. The Vatican Pardons Galileo in 1992 The Church eventually lifted the ban on Galileos Dialogue in 1822—by that time, it was common knowledge that the Earth was not the center of the Universe. Still later, there were statements by the Vatican Council in the early 1960s and in 1979 that implied that Galileo was pardoned and that he had suffered at the hands of the church. Finally, in 1992, three years after Galileo Galileis namesake had been launched on its way to Jupiter, the Vatican formally and publicly cleared Galileo of any wrongdoing. Sources Drake, Stillman. Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications Inc., 2003.Reston, Jr., James. Galileo: A Life. Washington DC: BeardBooks, 2000.  Van Helden, Albert. Galileo: Italian Philosopher, Astronomer and Mathematician. Encyclopedia Britannica, February 11, 2019.Wootton, David. Galileo: Watcher of the Skies. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2010.

Anxiety in our Modern Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1662 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Anxiety in our Modern Society Steven Hayes, PhD once said, If you always do what youve always done, youll always get what youve always got. (Boyes, 2013). This quote from Dr. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Anxiety in our Modern Society" essay for you Create order Hayes is explaining that without change there will no different outcome. This quote relates to the principles of society because it shows that if our society refuses to change, then individuals who suffer from anxiety will not change their outcome. Mr. Ronald Kessler, PhD states that, Anxiety Disorders affect 18.1 percent of adults in the United States (Kessler, 2005). Therefore, if such a large percentage of our population in the United States is affected by Anxiety Disorders, why are we not innovating new theories around Anxiety Disorders. Anxiety Disorders need to be taken as a serious mental health condition due to the vast number of anxiety disorders, the harmful side effects it takes on the body, and the impairment of a normal life. Anxiety disorders have been around the United States history for an extensive amount of time. Starting in the nineteenth (19th) century into the 20th century, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) was diagnosed with pantophobia or anxiety neurosis (Crocq, 2017). There are a multitude of reasons why anxiety disorders are present in certain individuals. Experts know that there are multiple causes for anxiety disorders. Researchers are learning that anxiety disorders run in families, and they have a biological basis, much like allergies or diabetes and other disorders, says Opposing Viewpoints Mental Illness (Berlatsky, 2013). GAD was brought into the third edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) as a diagnostic category in 1980 when anxiety neurosis was split into GAD and panic disorder (Crocq, 2017). Ever since the 19th century there have been many research projects projected towards Anxiety Disorders. There has been over $9 million dollars dedicated towards Anxiety research since 1987 (Anxiety, 2018). In todays world there are many other viewpoints. Since we live in such a diverse society, we are compelled to acknowledge all of the viewpoints. Therefore, some individuals believe that anxiety is not a real illness, some people are just worrywarts and cant be treated, and people with anxiety can just snap out of it if they really wanted to. Even though I can understand how individuals might believe this, some anxiety is natural, but it is also a real illness. Anxiety disorder is an extreme form of anxiety and can cause impairment (Vann, 2013). When an extreme anxiety disorder is present it does not mean those individuals are just worry warts. According to a research experiment, published by Current Pharmaceutical Design, two thirds (2/3) of anxiety disorders are inherited. Therefore, individuals do not choose to be worrywarts; they simply have no control (Vann, 2013). Even though these conditions have a genetic component, there is still treatment and medication that can be used base d on diagnosis. A certain type of treatment involves breaking the cycle of anxiety. The cycle of anxiety is the reason individuals cannot snap out of it. The cycle of anxiety includes fear and worry, which are in your mind due to the anxiety, which will lead to avoidance. Since the individuals avoid the problem at hand the anxietys fear and worry will grow stronger over time. Therefore, without professional help, the cycle of anxiety is increasingly hard to overcome. When discussing mental health there are two different types of perspectives. Those perspectives include believers and nonbelievers. In my mind, nonbelievers have the viewpoint that mental health is all make believe in an individuals head. Whereas, believers know that the 18.1 percent of individuals in the United States affected by mental health disorders are not faking their illness. There are three main categories when referring to Anxiety Disorders, those include: Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorders, and Phobia-Related Disorders. GAD will show excessive anxiety and worry for at least 6 months for a number of things (Anxiety Disorders, www.nimh.nih.gov). The sy mptoms of GAD include: feeling on-edge, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritable, muscle tension, difficulty controlling feelings of worry, and insomnia. The fear and anxiety that GAD causes are serious issues. This fear and anxiety could cause serious problems in areas of life, such as: social interactions, school, and work (Anxiety Disorders, www.nimh.nih.gov). In the United States, individuals over the age of 18, GAD will affect around three to five percent of the population in any given year (GAD, anxietypanichealth.com). Panic Disorder is another common Anxiety Disorder within the United States. A panic disorder will almost always come with common panic attacks. Panic attacks are periods of immense fear that come fast and last around a couple minutes (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018). Panic attacks have many causes, but they can occur unexpectedly. A lot of panic attacks are brought on by triggers. During these panic attacks there are a multitude of symptoms, such as: heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, feelings of impending doom, and feelings of being out of control (National Institute of Mental Health, 2018). Even though they are not as common as GAD, panic disorder is still very common. 1.7% of the United States population over 18 to 54 is affected by a panic disorder (Panic Disorder, 2017). Another type of disorder found in the United States are Phobia-related disorders. A phobia is an intense fear. This fear may feel out of proportion when looking in from the outside, but to the individual it seems right during the circumstance. Phobia related disorders have symptoms known as: irrational or excessive fear, avoiding situations, and immediate intense anxiety (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017). Phobia-related disorders are very common; there are around 19 million people affected by phobia-related disorders in the United States (Nordqvist, 2017). Due to the multitude of disorders that are related to Anxiety Disorders there are also a multitude of symptoms. One of the most major symptoms correlated to Anxiety Disorder is suicidal thoughts. Erwin Ringel, an Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist, proves this point in the scholarly journal, Anxiety and suicide: Anxiety is an essential, though not absolutely necessary, part of the presuicidal syndrome. It can be manifest or hidden; in both cases, however, its connection with suicide is significant and all patients with anxiety-connected psychotic disorders have to be considered suicide-prone. In those cases where anxiety increases extremely rapidly the danger of suicide increases. Therefore, the treatment of anxiety with antidepressive drugs, neuroleptics, tranquilizers, and psychotherapy has to be considered an important suicide-preventing therapeutic measure. (Ringel, 1972, par. 1, abstract) Our country has gone through great sadness in the past; when the United States goes through a sadness we pull together as a team. Therefore, if people in our country know there are some of our own goi ng through an immensely hard time, why would we not help? Who are we to allow some of our own sit and suffer through the hardships of an anxiety disorder. Some of the other hardships include: insomnia, heart palpitations, impairment of life that results from avoidance. When an individual gets sick, they take off work. They could have the flu or some simple head cold, no matter what, they take off work. Therefore, an illness will impair your day to day life. In a questionnaire conducted by the Mental Health Foundation, individuals were asked three questions about feeling anxiety in their day to day lives. More people agreed than disagreed that they got more anxious these days than they used to and there were similar levels of agreement that feelings of anxiety had stopped them from doing things in their lives (Mental Health Foundation, 2014). Anxiety has affected many individuals in their lives and has stopped them from doing day to day activities and also avoiding certain situations. All of these side effects from anxiety can affect a person and their personal or work life immensely. Anxiety needs to be taken as a serious mental health condition due to the vast amount of anxiety disorders, the harmful side effects it takes on the body, and the impairment of a normal life. Anxiety has been and will always be an impactful mental illness in our society. Individuals who suffer from a type of Anxiety Disorder need the help and support from our society, not the bashing they have received. Gayathri Ramprasad, a mental health advocate, who has dealt with her mental illnesses her entire life. She stated in an interview, Having a mental health issue is not a sign of personal weakness. I think it is a sign of strength to ask for help and support. Anxiety Disorders are not meant to ask for attention. Anxiety disorders are not make believe. Anxiety disorders are real and they are hard. It is even harder to ask for help. Therefore, they should not have to ask for helpit should already be there. References Page Boyes, A. (2013, January 14). Anxiety Quotes: The Ten Best Quotes About Overcoming Anxiety.Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/in practice/201301/anxiety-quotes-the-ten-best-quotes-about-overcoming-anxiety Kessler, R. C. (2005). Errors in Byline, Author Affiliations, and Acknowledgment in: Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry,62(7), 709. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.7.709 Crocq, M.A. (2017). The history of generalized anxiety disorder as a diagnostic category [Abstract]. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 19(2), 107-116. Berlatsky, N. (Ed.). (2013). Mental illness. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. Anxiety. (2018, September 05). Retrieved from https://www.bbrfoundation.org/research/anxiety Vann, M. R. (2013, March 15). 10 Anxiety Myths Debunked. Retrieved from https://www.everydayhealth.com/anxiety/10-anxiety-myths-debunked.aspx Anxiety Disorders. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://anxietypanichealth.com/reference/gad-general-anxiety-disorder/ Panic Disorder. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.fearclinic.ufl.edu/PanicDisorders.html Nordqvist, C. (2017, December 20). Everything you need to know about phobias. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/249347.php Ringel, E. (1972). Anxiety and suicide [Abstract]. Schweizer Archiv fr Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie, 110(1), 143-150. Office on Womens Health. (2018). An interview about mental health stigma and healing [Web log comment]. Retrieved from https://www.womenshealth.gov/blog/mental-health-stigma (2018, February 06).

Csf Proposal Free Essays

string(79) " a few department meetings with great response from the faculty in attendance\." Overview and purpose of the project: The purpose of this project is to continue to change the way the UST community thinks about waste. Composting confronts the idea that, when you throw something away it just disappears, and provides alternative to sending our waste to landfills. In the fall of 2012, the CSF funded a project to expand Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Csf Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chester Wilson’s vermiculture composting system, which composts all of the coffee grounds produced by Beakers on the second floor of OWS. The goal of this previous CSF project was to expand the efforts of Dr. Wilson by collecting and composting much of the coffee grounds produced on north campus, as well as to raise campus awareness on the benefits and ease of composting. This project is well underway, and one can see the worms working their digestive wonders in the parking ramp under ASC. Quinn Wrenholt, the primary applicant of the fall vermicomposting CSF proposal, and other members of the Composting Club have been collecting the coffee grounds from the library Coffee Bene, as well as from T’s, the Loft, and Summit Marketplace in the student center since this spring semester began (with average daily collection of between 12 and 18 gallons of coffee grounds – more than 50 gallons each week). The collection crew, which consists of seven motivated individuals, comprises the core group of the Composting Club and has already logged more than 30 cumulative hours of volunteer time providing a direct service to our campus through collecting the coffee grounds we produce. Further Composting Club activities have included another 60 hours of volunteer time contributed to the development of a long-term research project connecting the worm composting bins in the ASC parking ramp to the research occurring in the UST Stewardship Garden located in the Green Space behind the BEC. These activities, in particular the daily collection of the mass amounts of coffee grounds has drawn the attention of Tommie Media on numerous occasions already this semester. Quinn Wrenholt will also soon be submitting a blog to the UST Sustainability Blog detailing the progress of the project up to this point and describing in more detail the research being done and some of the additional goals of the Composting Club (http://ustsustainblog. com) This proposal is to expand our on-campus composting even further by placing vermicompost bins in different departments and office areas around campus. This will allow coffee grounds and other food waste produced in these areas to be composted on site. The composting club will maintain these new bins in addition to the bins in the ASC. Additionally, each bin will be sponsored by an individual who works in the area covered by the bin. These Compost Club Liaisons are the keystone to this project with the Composting Club providing all the necessary support. This project’s proposed budget reflects exactly the number of vermicomposting bins that we have received demand and support for so far (see Appendix A). This expansion will be a great addition to the composting work started by Chester Wilson on South Campus and expanded to North Campus this past fall, as it will allow many UST faculty and staff to directly participate in the composting process. Additionally, the continued and increasing amount of alternative waste disposal will continue decrease our University’s carbon and other greenhouse gas emissions and increase the awareness of our campus community on issues pertaining to sustainability and waste. How the project will be implemented: This project already has all the necessary infrastructure and support in place, except the purchasing of the new, additional worm bins. The vermicomposting station in the ASC parking ramp will serve as the central headquarters for this outreach project. The Composting Club will work with the liaisons to find good locations for the bins within each department. The volunteer liaisons will serve as the day-to-day managers, adding their offices’ coffee grounds to the bin each day, and encouraging others to dispose of their waste in the appropriate receptacle. The liaisons will also serve as the point contact person should an issue arise with any of the bins. They will have access to a Compost Club Hotline which can be used to address questions and also guarantees bin removal within 30 minutes of being contacted, if needed. This is the ultimate backup if by some error or flaw a bin develops a smell or leak. These bins will be removed to the ASC parking ramp and dealt with accordingly where no one will be bothered and cleanup is easy. This is also the contingency plan for any case-by-case bin placement issues that occur; though at this point, all of the departments participating in the project have ensured feasibility and acquired permission for their bin(s). The Composting Club will be in charge of the overall maintenance of all on-campus worm bins. When the time comes for the finished compost to be collected from the bottom tray of the stack, the Composting Club will remove the finished tray and replace it with an empty one. The finished castings will be separated and collected in the ASC parking ramp where we have the facilities and space for doing so (see video for more detailed information and images of the Worm Factory system: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=0sxWOCWEpsg). Only the active composting will take place on site and will be contained by the bins – all of the more intensive and potentially messy procedures will happen off-site in the ASC parking ramp. If this project is approved, when the time comes for purchasing and distributing the new bins to the different locations across campus, the Composting Club will continue to work with the Physical plant to facilitate our fund expenditure. As we distribute the bins, we will also offer short ‘how to’ demonstrations for maintaining a healthy worm bin to the various departments, their liaisons, and other interested parties. Already, we have presented during the first five minutes of a few department meetings with great response from the faculty in attendance. You read "Csf Proposal" in category "Essay examples" Additionally, the Composting Club has assembled a list of FAQs relating to vermicomposting in the Worm Factory bins and containing information pertinent to this project. These FAQs can be viewed in Appendix B. Budget: For the CSF Vermicompost project last fall, all of the materials (excepting the worms themselves) were purchased from The Eggplant Urban Farm Supply, located on Selby Ave just a few blocks away from our campus. For this project, we plan to continue to utilize this neighboring business as a resource and supplier. Three-tray worm bin: $89 each – Total cost: $$$$ Each location will initially receive one, three-tray stack (excepting McNeely Hall which has requested two bins to cover the entire building). As of the time of this proposal’s submission, we have received requests for __ bins (See Appendix A). Additional trays: $10 each – Total cost: $$$$ We are requesting funding for an additional __ trays in order to respond to various rates of waste input in different departments, buildings, and offices. It is difficult to anticipate the scope of the waste produced in different offices prior to the actual collection of that waste. By altering both the number of trays in each stack and the number of worms in each tray, we can address the needs of different departments on a case-by-case basis. 10 lbs of worms: $189 (+$26 SH) – Total cost: $$$$ This is enough for five to six of the trays mentioned above. So we will likely require a minimum of __ lbs of worms. Flexible spending – Total cost: $300 In the Vermicompost CSF proposal submitted this past fall, we requested $500 to cover additional expenses related to developing the project. These funds have been instrumental in the project’s success and have been used to purchase rugs for the bin systems, brooms for keeping the ASC vermicomposting area clean, buckets and tubs for the collection of the coffee grounds, and more worms and trays than were originally estimated in order to keep up with the steady supply of grounds so far this semester. Also, some of the money has been allotted to fund a collaboration project with a couple of students from the UST club Engineers for a Sustainable World to design a compost sifter to facilitate the processing of finished compost and the collection of the worms. This will be very important in facilitating the collection of worm castings from the bins, and in enabling the research projects currently being developed. For this CSF project proposal, fewer unforeseen expenses are expected as much of the infrastructure for the project is now in place. However, the purchasing of rugs for the bins and other case-by-case needs are anticipated. For this reason, we are requesting an additional $300 to cover these expenses and which also may be used to purchase another worm bin if needed by a particular department or building. Proposed budget total: $$$$$ Include defined metrics for a clearly measurable outcome and a schedule of appropriate progress reports to the CSF through the duration of the project: To monitor the outcomes of this project, the Composting Club, in coordination with students actively conducting research on the vermicomposting systems, will calculate the amount of carbon we are eliminating from the atmosphere by aerobically composting UST’s coffee grounds and some of our campus food waste. Currently, this waste is going to landfills, where it degrades much more slowly in and anaerobic environment conducive to the production of methane and other harmful greenhouse gases. We will also make regular estimates of the amount of worm castings being produced. The castings are a valuable soil amendment, and there is potential for another student research project to pursue the branding of these castings. This way, any castings that are produced in addition to those used in the UST greenhouses and Stewardship Garden can be officially donated, which would make this not only a campus sustainability project and research opportunity, but also a non-profit business. These numbers can be easily recorded because it will be students from the composting club along with Chester Wilson that are handling and hauling the material and maintaining the worm bins across campus. We will submit semesterly basic reports to the CSF in a format such as this: |Fall 2013 (Implementation) | Spring 2014 |Fall 2014 |Spring 2015 | |Waste composted |0 |x |x |x | |Carbon Eliminated |0 |x |x |x | |Castings Produced |0 |x |x |x | | Additional reports may come from the research projects that are now being planned and implemented relating to this project and integrating it to other ongoing campus sustainability projects. If your project will offset greenhouse gases and reduce the campus carbon footprint, describe thoroughly how this will happen: Assuming 2 tons of waste per month composted (we will have a much more accurate estimate of the waste composted by the worms bins at the end of this semester), which would equate to the prevention of 1. 76 metric tons/month of CO2 emissions from entering the atmosphere. This is equivalent to eliminating 4. 56 cars from the road per month. That is just the reduction based on that waste not being in the landfill, there would be additional carbon reduced from not having to transport that waste to the site. Further benefit would come from the utilization of the worms castings as a soil amendment in food production areas. Healthier soils are better at sequestering atmospheric CO2 and can hold more of it than denuded soils lacking nutrients and organic matter. (See Appendix C for calculation source). Although campus greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced, this project serves even more to catalyze a sustainable initiative that can be expanded in years to come. In its first semester of existence, the Composting Club and the vermicomposting operations now located in the ASC parking ramp have already generated an awesome amount of student and faculty interest. Further, the project from the fall of 2012 has provided a conduit for alternative waste disposal on campus. The action of composting much of our campus waste is already providing a platform for further reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, reductions in waste, and overall reductions in UST’s carbon footprint. Describe if and how students will be involved and/or the educational value to our community: The fall vermicomposting project was designed to encourage students to consider their relationship with their food and food waste, and to provide an alternative method of waste ‘disposal’ for our campus. This project is designed to do the same for our faculty and staff, further strengthening the link between food waste and climate change and increasing our carbon reduction efforts. Students have already gotten involved with this project and the Composting Club is ready to expand our efforts! We are in the process of planning educational tours of the vermicomposting operation in the ASC parking ramp, which will be offered during Earth Week in addition to other sustainability-related project tours. Composting Club activities and the maintenance of the worm bins provide great opportunities for donation of service hours directly benefiting our campus. Further student engagement has come in the form of new research projects and connections with other campus projects. These integration projects include providing fertile worm castings to the UST greenhouses and the Stewardship Garden. As previously mentioned, students are currently in the process of developing research proposals to further develop the UST vermicomposting project and continue outreach and integration efforts – currently students are looking into branding the vermicastings, and also into connecting with other local community gardens to do soil testing and begin long-term, case-specific amendment studies. These projects would have beneficial impacts on the surrounding UST community, in addition to the benefits added by the use and donation of the finished castings. The increasing presence of composting efforts on campus allows the university community to fulfill our mission statement by â€Å"thinking critically and acting wisely to advance the common good. † This project is in line with the University Mission Statement because it provides students and now faculty the opportunity to be directly involved with the food chain and to participate in their waste. In recent years people have been increasingly encouraged to buy locally and to know where their food is coming from. While there is still a long way to go to reach these goals, movements are starting and people are daily becoming more aware of the problems human society faces. Unfortunately, there are still many people who never think about where their waste goes beyond ‘into the garbage,’ and never consider where there food comes from beyond ‘the grocery store. ’ Through the implementation and continued growth of this project, we will give the St. Thomas community the chance to experience the whole lifecycle of their food from soil and seed, to food on the table, to waste and back to soil, all within the onfines of our own campus and all on a sustainable level. Highlight innovations and the potential for the project to be scalable across our campuses: Integral to the mission of this project is scalability and its ability to grow. The Fall 2012 CSF Vermicomposting project has been hugely successful and has drawn substantial interest from individuals across campus. This pro posal is an expansion of that project, catalyzed by the interest and eagerness of others to partake and participate in alternative waste disposal. While working with the worm bins in the ASC parking ramp or while collecting the coffee grounds from UST producers, Compost Club members were occasionally approached by interested faculty or students about what they were doing or concerning the good coffee smell permeating the air near the bins. After introducing the interested individual to the project and showing them the worms, almost without fail, the students and faculty alike were interested in contributing their own coffee and their own food waste from home or from their office or department. Unfortunately, because the current vermicomposting system is already operating near capacity, we are unable to collect grounds or waste from these sources; however, it was this community interest that stimulated this expansion idea. This project has great potential to be scaled across our campuses and to continually grow and develop as a UST legacy. As other faculty and staff see the bins that we are planning to place in several departments across campus, we are expecting the bins to generate interest by other departments, offices, and campus buildings. The new demand will provide perfect support for future project proposals, further expanding UST’s composting and decreasing our waste and carbon output. If applicable, include lifecycle costs, possible investment payback schedules and potential long-term savings: The lifecycle costs of this project are minimal due to the low costs of maintenance and relatively low initial costs. These compost bins are long-term sustainable investments and are designed for in-home or in-office use. Chester Wilson has been using the same worm bins for more than ten years. These systems have proved reliable and durable and we are confident in using the Worm Factory worm bins for this proposed project. Although the money saved by sending the waste to the on-campus composting location, instead of having it picked up will be relatively minimal, dealing with much of our own waste in a sustainable and efficient manner right here on campus is a key feature of this project. Self-contained and efficient systems are worth highlighting as they embody a shift from a linear system of use and dispose to a more closed-loop cycle of use, compost, reuse. There is also great value in the production of the castings as a fertile soil amendment. To date, they have been used in the greenhouses extensively in place of relatively costly potting soils and synthetic fertilizers, which are also much more energy intensive to produce. Appendix A: Appendix B: FAQs: What can be put in the worm bins? The worms are not particularly picky eaters. Too much citrus can be uncomfortable for them, and meat and dairy products are always a risk to compost. While they are unlikely to hurt the worms, these items tend to be the main culprits for bad smelling compost. When the bins are distributed, the Composting Club will offer a brief training session for each department and their liaison. What if the bin begins to smell bad? As discussed in the video, the Worm Factory bins are designed to allow plenty of oxygen to flow through the system. Keeping the bins aerobic keeps the smell down, and remember that these systems are designed for in-home or in-office use. In the chance that the bin does begin to smell, the Compost Club Liaisons will have the responsibility of calling the club hotline – we guarantee full removal of smelly bins within 20 minutes of that phone call. Will the bin attract pests/rodents? Rodents signify a much larger problem than the mere presence of a Worm Factory composter. Pests, in particular fruit flies, can pose problems for indoor composting systems. There is actually a simple treatment that can be applied to the medium in the bins (the stuff the worms live in) that repels gnats and flies. Again, the Composting Club hotline will be the ultimate back-up for any issues with your bin; guaranteed quick removal. Are the bins messy? No. The bins are designed to hold the food waste and to collect the moisture produced. Composting Club will regularly collect the liquid (or Compost Tea) generated by the bins and will also be on-call to respond to any cleanup needs. All processing of finished compost will be conducted off-site in the ASC parking ramp. There, we have to facilities to deal with this slightly more messy process. Where will the bins be located? This should be determined on a departmental basis. The worms are really tolerant, but cannot be too hot, too cold, or too dry. Basically, by keeping the bins out of the sun, but in a heated/temperature-controlled area, they will be more than fine. The Composting Club will monitor the moisture levels in the bins and make any changes as needed. We recommend that the bins be placed in an easily accessible location – near the most common waste sources whenever possible – but that they remain mostly out-of-sight. Behind furniture, under counters, or unused storage closets or rooms make ideal locations. What are the responsibilities of the Compost Club Liaison? The liaison will be responsible for the day-to-day maintenance of the bins and for calling the Composting Club hot line with any issues. At its most basic, the day-to-day maintenance will consist of collecting your office or department’s daily coffee grounds and adding them to the bin. Nothing about the job should be taxing or burdensome to the individual. Who will be in charge of emptying the bins once they have finished composting? Once again, the Composting Club will take care of emptying the bins when the compost in the bottom tray of the stack is finished. We will also be regularly monitoring the bins and will therefore know when the trays are ready to be emptied. All processing of finished compost will take place off-site in the ASC parking ramp where we have the facilities for doing so. How long does it take for the food waste to become finished compost? The answer to this question varies depending on the number of worms and the amount and type of food waste present. I like to think of one tray representing one-two weeks of composting. So a stack of three trays would represent a three-six week composting process. Appendix C: StopWaste. org is the website of a waste management organization located in Alameda county, CA. The organization is in charge of the waste management plan for the county, and the provide a variety of sustainable development plans and waste reduction initiatives for the businesses, schools, government buildings, and local industry in the fourteen cities comprising the county. http://www. stopwaste. us/partnership/calculator/ How to cite Csf Proposal, Essay examples

Factors Influencing Corporate Disclosure Transparency †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Factors Influencing Corporate Disclosure Transparency. Answer: Introduction Qantas Airways Limited popularly known as The Flying Kangaroo was established in the year 1920 and is the largest airline in the present scenario when it comes to the fleet size, as well as international destinations. Qantas has reached a great height owing to the strong staff and the manner in which it had managed to associate with its customers. The strong business and the remuneration have led to a big improvement in the overall business thereby providing a strong competition to the Air New Zealand Ltd and Virgin Blue Airlines Pty Ltd. In the report, the major emphasis will be on the concept of executive remuneration followed by a discussion on the global financial crisis. It can be seen from the annual report of Qantas Ltd that the managers and executives remuneration is being disclosed in the Remuneration Report together with the processes of analyzing their performances. Further, the non-executive directors are allowed travel and superannuation entitlements that are regarded as standard and reasonable in nature. Besides, unlike managers and executives, such non-executive directors do not receive any remuneration based on performance (Titman et. al, 2016). Besides, since 2015 and 2016 was a fabulous year for the company, it endeavored in enhancing the customers experiences. This can be proved by the fact that under the Qantas Transformation Program, the company surpassed its commitments and has obtained a phenomenal financial outcome wherein over $1 billion was returned to the shareholders (Qantas, 2016). This, in turn, resulted in an increment in both the fixed and variable remuneration outcomes of the company. Moreover, in relation to such variable remuneration, the remuneration outcomes of such managers and executives clearly align with that of the companys performance and the establishment of shareholder value (Bushman Piotroski, 2006). Owing to their contribution in attaining such outcomes, the company also paid annual incentives to the executive management and the CEO. This is further evaluated based on the STIP (Short-term Incentive Plan) report card of their non-financial and financial performance targets. The Board played a vital role in this regard, as it attempted in evaluating and reviewing the performance of the managers and executives and thereafter, concluded that their actions were relevant in the attainment of such maximized targets. Nonetheless, the remuneration of the CEO is directly associated with the company performance under both long-term incentive and annual incentive plans. However, in Qantas, annual incentives are only provided based on the Boards observation that the company and its executives have performed effectively in the market. In contrast to this, long-term incentives are only provided to the managers and executives when the financial performance of the company has been effectively strong and three-year performance challenges are adequately met. This is clearly observable from the Remuneration Outcome History of the CEO (Qantas, 2016). Further, in relation to indicators that allow the Board in determining the remuneration of managers and executives, it attracts, retains, and awards the capable team of executives, encourages them to address the unique challenges encountered by the company, and thereafter, link their remuneration with that of their own performance and companys performance as a wh ole (Davies Crawford, 2012). Further, in order to achieve this, the remuneration of executives is set in relation to the nature and size of their roles and their individual performances in such role. These indicators assist the company in rewarding the executives based on their performances. Since, the reward of executives is directly associated with the financial performance, business motives, and executives performance as a whole, the system of such remuneration cannot be held as unreasonable. Further, this system of remuneration allows the company to assist a culture of shared ownership of executives and align the interests of such executives with that of the shareholders. For instance, if the non-cyclical income of the company had not enhanced because of its loyalty diversification measure, a healthy profit could not be gained and that would have directly prevented in awarding the executives and managers. The performance of Qantas is provided in the annual report and along with that, the incentives of the executives have been clearly laid down indicating a string transparency in the payments. The main aim of the framework of the executive compensation is to attract, retain and reward the team for the performance. It is clearly indicated that the pay opportunity is in tune with the performance of Qantas. Global Financial crisis The GFC happened to owe to innumerable flaws and deficiencies on the internal control and weak management system. The event leads to bankruptcy and eroded the wealth of the investors. There were various complications that played a vital role in the crisis. The issue of incentives, improper details, interest conflict, etc were the paramount ones. Further, the other factor like unethical behavior and incentive were the major ones in enhancing the risk. Firstly, the major problem occurred is in tune to the executive compensation. This system along with the accounting rules of the bank played a major role in providing data that were misguiding in nature. Further, the executives those are paid through stock options have an incentive to increase the market value of the share by increasing the profits that are reported instead of increasing the true profits (Bajaj, 2008). There was a wrong offset when it came to stock options and ultimately leads to worsening of the issue. Secondly, securitization was a major problem in this regard. The sub-prime mortgage leads to heavy concerns in the system of information where the mortgages were taken by the investment banks and then sold to other banks and the remaining is left to operate on the balance sheet (Barrell Davies, 2008). In totality, the complications of the product lead to a huge problem in the due course of time. There was widespread impact on the overall economy and the GFC led to serious trouble in various manners. The risk spread to various other countries and the major impact was observed on the banks. The spread that was created by the banks on the swaps showcased a significant fall. Secondly, the crisis led to a huge liquidity issue and was an eye opener on the part of the authorities. The investors invested huge sums in the illiquid market during heavy volatility (Coy, 2016). However, low level of liquidity can raise the huge issue and is a potential risk to the overall system. Therefore, the GFC brought the liquidity issue to the forefront and the investors faced a potential problem in this regard. In totality, the demand for goods and services led to a huge decline. Moreover, there was a strong decline in the oil prices from US$ 147/b to US$42.95/b. Therefore, the GFC led to a negative trend in the economies of various countries and the GDP rate fell considerably (Giles, 2009). Overa ll, the stock market plunged to a huge low creating liquidity issues and huge losses for the investors. Linking executive remuneration contribute to the Global Financial Crisis When it comes to Qantas, it has massive advances in the area pertaining to economic and technology. Such areas have been responded in a fair manner through adaptation and setting up of a milestone for the industry. Qantas has taken a strong stand in terms of sustainability by looking after the environment, enhancing the shareholder value and looking after the community. The investment of Qantas in digital and data capability has created Better Avenue for the customers through the process of personalization and influencing the efficiencies in the operations. Further, it has broadened the earnings of the group beyond the area of aviation (Samaha Dahaway, 2010). The practice of aligning executive remuneration in the United States played a key role in the emergence of global financial crisis. The major suspect in this regard can be attributed to the fact that such remuneration policies incentivized the top executives of the United States in taking excessive risks, thereby enabling them to precipitate the collapse of the entire financial system. Further, according to an article in 1990, it was shown that the major trouble with that of the American corporate is that the remuneration system of the top executives is entirely independent of performance. In simple words, the CEOs of America were paid on a huge scale that clearly granted them the position of bureaucrats. This means that instead of taking steps to enhance goodwill and value-maximization in the market, the CEOs clearly took advantage of such remuneration system and as a result, disturbed the entire economical system of U.S. The linkage of executive remuneration played a major role in encouraging the stipulation of misguiding information. Further, in 1990, stock options became the major component in relation to remuneration of executives. Such executives who attained remuneration through stock options obtained the incentive to maximize the value of market shares by enhancing the reported incomes instead of enhancing the real income. Moreover, even though the Sarbanes-Oxley Act assisted in addressing some concerns, yet the stock option concerns were not adequately addressed (Coy, 2016). Hence, the inaccurate offset of stock options played a vital role in an inappropriate enlightenment of costs to their shareholders. This further provides strong incentives to the executives in spending unreasonable remuneration through the scheme of stock options, but in reality, this practice also resulted in the motivation of immoral accounting policies within the United States. Besides, this policy also enables the executives in involving only in the profits and discarding the losses. Therefore, this results in the provision of incentives to such executives in the maximum adoption of risks. Nevertheless, this may have assisted the companies in the US in gathering more revenues in the short-run but major losses had to be encountered by many others. On a whole, the practice of accounting framework and maximum risk within the remuneration policy in the United States worsened the entire financial system, thereby resulted in the emergence of global financial crisis (Coy, 2016). Companies like CitiGroup and JP Morgan Chase are some of the banks that became entirely affected because of the emergence of the financial crisis. Furthermore, sometimes it is also argued that the pay formulas in the United States are highly dependent on fairness and morality. This means that the remuneration system of US have been criticized because of such grounds that the system is imp artial in nature. On a whole, it has also been argued that the pay system of executives was framed to provide incentives to the executives that were in turn taken undue advantage of, and as a result, the economic scenario of the US was badly affected. Qantas in their operations is using the concept of predictive analytics to enhance the efficiency of the fuel through 4D flight planning and to end the passengers differences in a rapid manner. For the customer, the company is investing in a booking, travel and a customer support that is enabled digitally and leads to better customization. Further, the enhance the operations the company is launching in new business like financial services, health so that it can cater to a variety of the customer needs (Zeff, 2007). Qantas has undertaken measures to lessen the resources use and focus on the concept of Qantas Future Planet that is a big landmark. It needs to be noted that it is the largest airline to undertake the voluntary carbon offset program in the world. Moreover, Qantas offset all the business travel of the employee and emissions. As a matter of fact, every passenger has the option to join and offset the flight emission. This mitigates climate change, protection of wildlife and environment benefit (Qantas, 2016). It has set a target of 20% reduction in the use of water by 2020 that stress upon the sustainability performance of the company. Further, as a sustainable concept, it has targeted a reduction in the waste to landfill of 30% and even decreasing the electricity by 2030. However, when it comes to beyond 2030 the target stretches to carbon-neutral growth and aims to lessen the emission by 50% by 2050 in contrast to the levels of 2005 (Qantas, 2016). When it comes to Qantas, it has been a major challenge for the company because it operates under huge pressure and external scenario. Going by the target of 20 years it can be said that the company is more inclined towards sustainability and positioning itself towards the benefit of the entire environment (Spiceland et. al, 2011). Going by the sustainability of Qantas, it can be commented that the company has paid heed to the concept of sustainability in a serious manner. The disclosures regarding the environmental safety and other initiatives by the organization clearly project the big role played by Qantas in the safeguard of the organization. The sustainability report provides immense information in terms of their role, plans and the future course of action (Choi Meek, 2011). Hence, the sustainability program of the company is laid in an effective manner and clearly emphasizes that the company is not greedy for reaping profits rather its stress upon the safety of the environment. The overall discussion provides a glimpse that the company is highly active in the remuneration set up and the sustainability issue. It has played a dominating role in providing a strong support to the environment and the people at large. This indicates that Qantas not only hunts for the wealth but also look towards the benefit of the masses. Further, the global financial crisis was an eye-opener and it indicates that the companies and the economy must be careful in the financial dealings. A strong corporate governance along with an internal control mechanism should be the need of the hour. This will help in the prevention of any problem or issue that may arise in the course of action. Further, it needs to be noted that the economy should always have a strong planning to ward off any financial crunch. Conclusion The overall report sheds light on the performance of Qantas and indicates that the company has strong rules for executive remuneration. The fundamentals of the company are strong and that the company has contributed in a huge way to the concept of sustainability. This reflects that the company is not greedy for wealth rather it has strong urge for providing benefits to the society at large. Moreover, the concept of global financial crisis is studied in an in-depth manner that indicates the economy must be strong and should be ready to avert any situation that has adverse effects. References Bajaj, V 2008, Financial Crisis Enters New Phase, viewed 26 September 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/18/business/18markets.html Barrell, R. Davies, P. E 2008, The Evolution of the Financial Crisis 2007-8, National Institute Economic Review, vol. 12, no. 206, pp 5-14. Bushman, R Piotroski, R 2006, Financial reporting incentives for conservative accounting: The influence of legal and political institutions, Journal of Accounting and Economics, vol. 42, pp. 107-148. Choi, R.D Meek, G.K 2011, International accounting, Pearson. Coy, P 2016, Where the Next Crisis Will Come From, viewed 26 September 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-20/where-the-next-crisis-will-come-from Davies, T Crawford, I 2012, Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson. Giles, C 2009, Recession to leave permanent scars, viewed 26 September 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/9cedc026-d858-11de-b63a-00144feabdc0 Qantas 2016, Qantas 2016 Annual report accounts, viewed 12 August 2017, https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/corporateGovernance/2016AnnualReport.pdf Samaha, K. Dahaway, K 2010, Factors influencing corporate disclosure transparency, in the active share trading firms: An Explanatory study, Research in Emerging Economies, vol. 10, pp. 87-118. Spiceland, J, Thomas, W Herrmann, D 2011, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin,University Press. Titman, S, Martin, T, Keown, AJ Martin, JD 2016, Financial management: principles and applications, 7th edn, Pearson Australia, Vic. Zeff, S.A. 2007, Some obstacles to global financial reporting comparability and convergence at a high level of quality, The British Accounting Review, vol. 39, pp. 290302

The Invention of the Refrigerator free essay sample

Hello! Today I am going to talk you about the invention of the refrigerator. I chose this topic because I think we all cant imagine our lives without food, so we also cant imagine our lives without the refrigerator. Im going to present you this topic with the help of power point and I really hope that in the end of my presentation you will know something more about refrigerators. The invention of the refrigerator The conveniences we enjoy in our homes are the product of many machines we use every day to make our lives easier. We must be aware that it is only because of dedicated inventors that have spent years of their life, searching of a way to make all this possible. Were talking about machines such as the refrigerator, for example. The idea of a machine that would be able to prevent food spoilage has actually been around for a very long time before the invention of itself. We will write a custom essay sample on The Invention of the Refrigerator or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was only in the late 1834 that Jacob Perkins, a young inventor after making a design persuaded John Hague to realize his idea, and like that the first kind of refrigerator was born. Early attempts In the beginning, there were made ice houses   to provide cool storage for most of the year. These ice houses were placed near freshwater lakes or packed with snow and ice during the winter. As we can see in Thomas Jeffersons diary, which chronicles the process of maintaining the ice house at the Monticello Estate, this processes were very complicated. Every winter, Jefferson brought more than 60 wagonloads of ice from the Rivanna River to keep his ice house filled. The ice house was a huge source of trouble, just by the expense of keeping it stocked. While Jefferson was busy keeping his ice house stocked, Benjamin Franklin working with chemist John Hadley in 1758 was leading us to the invention of the refrigerator. They were experimenting with the effects of evaporation using a thermometer. With some methods they were able to drop the thermometers temperature well below freezing. Perkins and his impact In 1834 a young inventor called Jacob Perkins build the worlds first refrigerator and invented a legal patent for refrigeration using vapor-compression. Soon, what was meant to be just an experiment became something fit for commercialization and other inventors tried to develop Perkins patent. In 1856 following Perkins success,  James Harrison, an immigrant from  Scotland   living in  Australia, developed an ice making machine using  ammonia  and an ether compressor. It was used in the meat packing industries of Geelong, Victoria. Few years later, Carl Paul Gottfried Linde, a  German  engineer developed refrigeration and gas separation technologies. Carl Paul Gottfried Linde (better known as Carl von Linde)   was working in the way of develop new refrigeration cycles. In 1892 Lindes research drove into the area of low temperature refrigeration and in 1894 he started work on a process for the liquefaction of air. In his later career Linde began working on a technique to obtain pure oxygen and nitrogen based on the fractional distillation of liquefied air. By 1910 Carls son Friedrich had developed the Linde double-column process, variants of which are still in common use when it comes to air separation in three main gasses: oxygen, nitrogen and argon. CONCLUSION In the 1920s and 30s, consumers were for the first time introduced to freezers – that was the time when the first electric refrigerators with ice cube compartments came on the market. Even so, the mass production of modern refrigerators didnt get started until after World War II. Few decades later when innovations like automatic defrost and automatic ice makers first appeared, it became clear that more energy-efficient refrigerators are needed, if not, there will be a huge environmental damage. The conclusion soon leaded to the elimination of chlorofluorocarbons in refrigeration sealed systems and the introduction of energy-efficient refrigerators. Today, the refrigerator is Americas most used appliance, found in more than 99. 5% of American homes. We are all aware that if this invention had never been invented our lives would be much more complicated. For example the food spoilage would be 5 or 6 times quicker. Besides that, we would be still forced to store our food in ice houses. With this conclusion I end my presentation. I hope you enjoyed and thank you for your attention. =)

buy custom Media Law essay

buy custom Media Law essay The purpose of this study is to examine the concept of privacy law as it applies to the field of journalism in UK. This study will focus on recent case studies in UK with an aim of demonstrating how the law relating to privacy affects the work of journalists. Privacy is a situation in which persons confidential information disclosed in a private place is not brought into public because, it can cause either emotional distress or embarrassment to the latter. The right of privacy mainly applies to those people in a place that somebody expects to be private. Example of private places includes hotel rooms, home and telephone booths among others. The privacy law can be applied in situations whereby, a person believes that the massage he or she ought to deriver is private and that it can only be heard by those acting in the presence of law. UK enacted privacy law on 2 October 2000. Several courts in UK enforced the privacy law after several incidents reported by various citizens, initially, the law was referred to as Data protection Act DPA and established purposely to ensure that both private and government agencies use personal data for specific and legitimate aims only. It also allowed people access to their confidential information, provide enough security for personal information, and to hinder the transfer of personal information to destinations lacking data protection laws. As we all know, that journalism is quite a sensitive field of work with regard to privacy law. Media acts as a tool for creating awareness to the public. In most case media focus on most sensitive incidents such as child abuse and neglect among others (Kenyon 2006. P. 14). Placing information in media such as radio and TVs calls for thorough scrutiny about the sources of information, this is to say that, journalists who are the key participants in media face challenges based on the provision of testimonies. In many cases, journalists must testify their sources of information. If it happens that the sources of information may not attributed to the public interest or dviates the law, journalists face charges from the privacy commissioners. Such commissioners do not rely on a complaint because they can carry out an investigation role to determine the level of quilt. The privacy commissioners have the right to decide the amount of money to be paid to the complaint as compensation. The other challenge facing journalists is that privacy law does not limit the amount to be paid. In the process of publicizing personal data or information, journalists should concentrate on useful and reliable information from government sources. In the provided case study, it is true that Jimmy sunshine who was a TV presenter had tempered with Dots privacy. The privacy law states that there is no person supposed to publicize other personal data without their consent. I think Dot should not have consulted Jimmy Sunshine before proceeding to the court because this could not have changed her image in the public. The best thing that Dot could have done is to sue Jimmy sunshine because by so doing that, other presenters will learn how to observe privacy law (Hendrickx, 2003. P. 45) Copyright is among other areas that tend to impose restrictions on the work of journalists. Privacy law tends to protect photography through copyright and moral rights. Private Law restricts Journalists through copyright not to publish certain photographs unless permitted by the authority. In UK, individuals have the right restricting journalists from publicizing photographs with information that should not be disclosed to the public. If the journalists have to take such photos, they should produce permit from the authority because privacy law through copyright safeguard people privacy. Below is an example of two case studies in which privacy law through copyright imposes a restriction on journalists work. Case study 1 in UK: woman in a swimming pool. Dorothy, a 24 years old woman, and a civil servant lives with her two children. In a servant quarter where she lives, there was a swimming pool sharred by all the residents living in within the servant quarters. As Dorothy was swimming one afternoon, a journalist came and captured some photos without the Dorothys consents. The following day Dorothy got shocked to find her photo in the newspaper. In the photo, Dorothy was half way naked, something that irritated her. She talked the matter with her law Daniel who later sued the journalists against privacy. After the hearing, by the privacy commissioners, the commissioner found the journalist guilty and the commissioner ordered the journalist to compensate Dorothy for interfering with her privacy (Bar et.al 2004. P. 67). Case study 2: Esther Edward aged 27 years old and a mother of two was a single woman who was living in community housing. Her landlord Eliud Colin gave her an eviction notice that did not give reason for eviction. The eviction notice did not allow her to address the concern of the landlord. They arrived at an alternative agreement after her lawyer used Victorian Charted to negotiate with Eliud Colin the landlord. Afterwards, Bruno a journalist came and took some photos of Esther and her house. Late that day Esther learnt that the photos taken by the journalist were placed in press against her consent. Later on her lawyer filed a case against the journalist concerning the disclosure of Esthers personal data. The journalist was found quilt by the privacy commissioner, and the commissioner ordered him to pay Esther $10 for compensation. This is to mean that privacy law through copyright imposed restrictions on the work of the journalist, (Great Britain, House of Commons, Parliament, Media and sport c ommittee, 2010. P. 135). Conclusion The above two case studies analyses the rights of privacy to all categories of individuals in UK. The two show how government agencies and private agencies ensure that personal data is made private. Violation of the privacy law is an offence and that a disciplinary action should be taken to all offenders being either journalist or not. Buy custom Media Law essay

Giant Car case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Giant Car case - Essay Example In the current case the other elements, intention to create legal relations and consideration, are not in question, but the element of offer and acceptance is. In this respect, it is significant to show first that there was a valid offer and secondly that the offer was accepted. In order to form a contract, the parties involved must reach a mutual consent or meeting of minds. This mutual consent is attained through offer and acceptance that does not alter the terms of the offer.1 The rule applicable in determining if there is mutual consent is the application of the mirror image rule. The rule dictates that an offer must be accepted without altering the terms of the offer. An alteration of the terms of the offer amounts to a counter offer and cancels the initial offer. Lord Langdale in Hyde v Wrench2 ruled that a counter offer acts to cancel the initial offer. In this case, Wrench offered to sell Hyde a farm for ?1,000. Hyde in reply to this offer offered ?950 for the farm which Wren ch refused. Hyde thereafter wanted to accept the initial offer of ?1,000. Wrench refused to sell him the land and Hyde brought an action for specific performance. The question before the court was whether a valid contract between Hyde and Wrench existed. In deciding that there was no legally binding contract, the court noted that when a counter offer is made this offer destroys the initial offer such that the initial offer is no longer open to be accepted by the offeree. ... Additionally, these responses may deal with other issues rather than substitute the original terms of the offer.3 Their language can also manifest an intention to retain the initial offer under consideration, and they should not be considered counter offers. A mere inquiry on the offer does not constitute a counter offer Stevenson v McLean4. In this case, McLean wrote to Stevenson on Saturday with an offer to sell iron ore. The letter indicated that McLean would sell the ore for 40s in cash, and the offer was to remain open till Monday. On Monday Stevenson telegraphed McLean asking if he would accept 40 for delivery over two months and if that was not possible the longest period that was acceptable. McLean later sold the iron ore to a third party after receiving the telegram from Stevenson. McLean later sent a telegram to Stevenson that he had sold the Iron ore, but Stevenson had telegraphed Mclean accepting his offer prior to receiving the telegram indicating the ore was already sol d. The question was whether the telegram sent by Stevenson was counter offer or a mere inquiry to the original offer. In arriving at its decision, the court observed that the wording in the communication did not include anything specific to infer a rejection but was a mere inquiry which ought to have been answered and not considered a rejection of the offer.5 It is, therefore, essential to note that in order to distinguish between an inquiry and a counter offer it is prudent to look at the details of the communication. A counter offer varies the terms of the original offer while an inquiry does not vary these terms. In Simon's case, his communication that he would buy the car at ?5,500 was a counter offer to the

Final Project Problem at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Project Problem at Work - Essay Example In explaining this problem, I explain how it occurs in organizations as well as in individuals. This problem takes place in two major steps. Step 1 is leaking out of this information to irresponsible individuals. In most cases these results from working routines in which the person given the mandate of safeguarding this information fails in his work. In step two, this information finds its way to an individual who use it for his malicious gains. These two steps are interconnected with step two depending largely on step one. However, step one can occur but step two fails to occur when the information lands on another responsible person. The impact of this problem is actually very great in terms of what it can cost an individual or an organization. Moreover, it does not require a lot of time so that it can yield massive losses to the victims. This is because it has been discovered that loss of Personally Identifiable Information has resulted to loss of millions of records over the past few years thus causing massive harms to both individuals and organizations (McCallister, 2010). However, in most cases the loss of Personally Identifiable Information is only discovered after it has already caused massive harm to the victims some of which are irreversible. To an individual this problem has been leading to identity theft, embarrassments, and blackmails all of which can make a person to incur losses and destroy his relationship with other people. All this are only possible when Personally Identifiable information gets lost and land on the hand of organizations or individuals who use it for malicious gains. Therefore, if we can address this problem we can be able to avoid issues such as identity theft, embarrassments, and blackmails. Among the issues caused by this problem, the most prevalent one is the identity theft. Identity theft is undertaking an activity while pretending to be somebody else. In such cases, the activity is associated with the

Royal Library Of Alexandria History Essay

Royal Library Of Alexandria History Essay The Alexandria Library was the largest and most complete library of antiquity and certainly the greatest before the invention of printing. Only fragments and minor comments in ancient authorities are extant in current times. However, the history of the Alexandria Library [Library] remains of central importance in the intellectual history of the classical world as it is thought to contain the best-kept collection of classical literature.  [1]   With the help of historians and theorists as well as texts and historiographies, it is possible to retrace the founding, patronage, and operations of the Library; relate estimates about number of scrolls housed in the Library; and examine legends of its ultimate demise. The purpose of this essay is to review and synthesize the current knowledge of this most famous Library and reconsider its place in classical intellectual history. Alexandria, Egypt: Crossroads of Culture Scholars at the Center of Hellenic Studies at Kings College, London, view Alexandria of Ptolemaic Egypt as a city that was multi-cultural from its beginnings and a focal point for international trade and cultural development.  [2]  Situated between Africa and Europe, the meeting place of all races and creeds, Alexandria was the center of learning in the ancient world. It was a city of Greeks, Macedonians, Egyptians and Jews with the latter group making up about a third of the population. During the height of its power, Alexandria was said to have most abundant and helpful resources and be a nursing mother to men of every nation.  [3]   The Creation and Patronage of the Royal Library of the Ptolemies After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, his empire was divided into three parts with the Ptolemies dominating Egypt. Under the rule of the Ptolemies, Alexandria housed a Greco-Macedonian court ruling an Egyptian kingdom. Green explains that the Ptolemaic dynasty ran Egypt as a private estate and at a profit which supported scholarship, mercenaries, processions, etc.The Museum and its library played a fundamental role in justifying the rule of the Macedonian-Greek dynasty over Egypt.  [4]  The Library and its community of scholars flourished during the Hellenistic era of the Ptolemies. It has been thought to survive through the Roman Empire, but this finding is a source of debate among scholars. Historian John Marlowe describes how the Library at Alexandria emerged during the period roughly contemporary with Platos Academy, Aristotles Lyceum, Zenos Stoa and the school of Epicurus. Aristotles school in Athens, the Lyceum, had a shrine of the Muses and a library and promoted a universal concept of studies.  [5]  The Ptolemies envisioned Alexandria as a meeting place where scholars of the earth should extend the scientific horizons of man, suggestive of the Lyceum itself. Based on research from historian Edward Parsons, the foundation of the Museum-Library is attributed to Ptolemy Soter and/or his son Ptolemy II. The foundation and continuing support of the Museum and Library owed much to the pioneering work that Aristotle, and, to a lesser extent, Platos Academy, had already undertaken.  [6]   The Alexandria Museum (Temple of the Muses) was a gathering of scholars from all over the world. A Museum (Mouseion) was a shrine or center dedicated to the Muses and often associated with literary studies. The Muses been connected with thinkers and philosophers at least as early as the time of Pythagoras. According to Green, by the time of Aristotle a Museum embodied the features of an intellectual community including cult center, residence buildings, common meals, library holdings and research, and surrounding cloisters and garden. Timon of Philus, lampoonist, wrote of Ptolemys Alexandrian think tank: In the polyglot land of Egypt many now find pasturage as endowed scribblers, endlessly quarreling in the Muses bird cage. For the first three generations of Ptolemies, at least, relations with the Alexandrians were good. This, then, was the atmosphere in which Ptolemaic scholars, poets, and scientists operated.  [7]   History of the Royal Library Operations Information about how the library was run is subject to speculation. According to Parsons, scholars do not have a great deal of information about where and how the papyrus scrolls were stored; the dimensions of the collections; what role the other library, the Serapeum library, had in Alexandrian cultural life. Even the information about the demise of the library refers to a space of six centuries, from the age of Caesar to the age of the prophet Muhammad.  [8]   It is likely the first Ptolemies acquired and stored papyrus scrolls in the Museum. In order to manage this huge and increasing collection of texts, scholars devised a way to classify and order them according to various criteria, the most important evidence for which is represented by the work of Callimachus of Cyrene, who was a leading figure not only in the history of the library of Alexandria, but also in the tradition of Greek scholarship. Historian Roger Bagnall has described that despite volumes of scholarship, both the historical evidence and archaeological remnant of the Library and Museum at Alexandria are rather scant: The disparity between, on the one hand, the grandeur and importance of this library, both in its reality in antiquity and in its image both ancient and modern, and, on the other, our nearly total ignorance about it, has been unbearable. No one, least of all modern scholars, has been able to accept our lack of knowledge about a phenomenon that embodies so many human aspirations. In consequence, a whole literature of wishful thinking has grown up, in which scholars even, I fear, the most rigorous have cast aside the time-tested methods that normally constrain credulity, in order to be able to avoid confessing defeat.  [9]   The position of Demetrius (ca. 384-348) of Phaleron is more secure, as he was a prominent figure in the foundation of the Museum and Library. Aristeas, writing 100 years after the librarys inception, records that Ptolemy I handed assigned Demetrius the job of gathering books and scrolls, as well as letting him supervise a massive effort to translate other cultures works into Greek.  [10]  Demetrius recommended that Ptolemy gather materials on ruling in the style of Platos philosopher-kings. An estimated 30-50 scholars were probably permanently housed at the Museum, funded by the royal family, and later by public money.  [11]   Demetrius had been a pupil of Aristotle and Theophrastos at Aristotles Lyceum. The practice of getting the best scholars or poets to educate the crown prince was something that Ptolemy had had occasion to observe in Macedonia, where the young Alexander had been taught by Aristotle himself. It became a common practice for the Librarian also to serve as royal tutor: Apollonius and Aristarchus certainly did so. Parsons describes Demetrius as an orator and philosopher who dyed his hair blond and rouged his cheeks and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦anointed his person with Eastern salves. He ruled Athens for ten years à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦with moderation and without disaster is an achievement. His critical judgments of ancient texts were much admired.  [12]  Green describes the responsibility that Demetrius had to the Library which included a strong sense that the literary heritage of archaic and classical Greece was in danger of being lost through indifference and neglect.  [13]  Looking at the subsequent history of the transmission of texts, the fear seems well justified. According to Green, the scholars who staffed the Library saw their mission as the rescue of past Greek literature, and set themselves to obtain copies of every known work. Royal purchasers combed the book marts of the Aegean and Asia Minor, the best of which were located in Athens and Rhodes. It was inevitable that numerous forgeries began to circulate. With such an influx of material, the Librarians first major task was to organize accessions and cataloging.  [14]  In about 25 BCE Vitruvius writes about how Aristophanes of Byzantium earned the job of librarian after memorizing most of the Librarys contents  [15]  . Parsons describes how the Ptolemies and their agents ransacked the Hellenic, Mediterranean and Asian cities for literary manuscripts and records. At the port of Alexandria, vessels were searched and books that were found were confiscated with copies made for their rightful owners.  [16]  These rolls, known as the salvaged material, were not (says Galen) delivered directly to the Library, but consigned in the first instance to warehouses, where they were stored in heaps a description.  [17]  Based on sources from Ellis, Ptolemy III wrote a letter to all the worlds sovereigns asking to borrow their books.  [18]  Legend has it that when Athens lent Ptolemy the texts of Euripides, Aeschylus, and Sophocles, he had them copied, returned the copies, and kept the originals. Another of the Librarians responsibilities was the establishment of sound texts purged of scribal errors made during the process of transmission.  [19]   The librarians were reputed to include some of the great figures of ancient scholarship. Bevan refers to the first recorded librarian in Alexandria as Zenodotus of Ephesus, holding that post until 245 B.C.E. His successor Callimachus of Cyrene, may have been Alexandrias most famous librarian, created a subject catalog in 120,000 scrolls of the Librarys holdings.  [20]  The Greek alphabet with less than thirty symbols was learned by almost everyone. An improvement took place in handwriting and developed a more elegant, flowing script, which made both for easier copying and quicker, and more comfortable reading.  [21]   According to Marlowe, librarian Eratosthenes (275-194 B.C.E) amassed a catalog of 44 constellations complete with background myths, as well as a list of 475 fixed stars. Eratosthenes, drawing on Egyptian and Near Eastern observations, deduced the length of the year to 365 1/4 days and was the first to suggest the idea of adding a leap day every four years.  [22]  The last recorded librarian was Aristarchus of Samothrace, the astronomer, who took up the position in 180 B.C.E. during dynastic struggles between two Ptolemies. From that time onward no librarians are mentioned by name in any historical record. Marlowe maintains that the Museum excelled at producing great geometers by assembling the geometric principles of earlier Greek mathematicians, and had access to Babylonian and Egyptian knowledge of geometry.  [23]  Archimedes was one of the early Alexandria scholars to apply theories of motion to mechanical devices. Among his discoveries were the lever and as an extension of the same principle the Archimedes screw, a hand-cranked device for lifting water.  [24]   In the second century C.E., Galen drew upon Alexandrias vast researches and his own investigations to compile fifteen books on anatomy and the art of medicine.  [25]  Herophilus, both collected and compiled the Hippocratic corpus at Alexandria. There has been some conflict about the fate of Aristotles books, once thought to be at the core of the collection, may have been carried off to Rome by Sulla  [26]  . Size and Scale of the Library at Alexandria Alexandrian scholars were provided with a library containing a huge collection of papyrus scrolls and entrusted them to explore every field of human knowledge. The Library may have been reserved for scholars of the Museum just as many modern research libraries are closed to people not affiliated to a scientific or academic institution. In addition to the great Library, located in the Bruchion district of Alexandria, there was a smaller library, called a sister or daughter library that still existed at the time of Caesar and was situated inside the temple of Serapis.  [27]   The manuscripts gathered by Demetrius and his successors were bundles of writings forming high piles in the Museum warehouse. Mixed rolls must have contained many duplicates. Parsons reports that there were 532,800 rolls, of which 132,800 single rolls were considered premier finds. The sister library may have contained 42,800 rolls, probably copies of the writings shelved in the bigger library. The brittle and frail paper of Egypt was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ fragile media indeed on which to confide the precious knowledge and wisdom of the ages. They were subject to damage by fire, water, rodents, and worms.  [28]   Johnson describes the physical stacks which consisted of pigeonholes or racks for the scrolls, some of which were wrapped in linen or leather jackets. From Roman times manuscripts were written in codex (book) form, and were often stored in wooden chests called armaria.  [29]  According to Bevan, Callimachus cataloged 400,000 mixed scrolls of multiple chapters and 90,000 unmixed scrolls.  [30]   Bagnall has studied the size of the Alexandrian library, and he concludes that either more than ninety percent of classical authors are not even quoted in the surviving Greek literature, or that the Ptolemies acquired a dozen copies of everything, or some combination of these unlikely hypotheses.  [31]  Seneca quotes Livy that over the 40,000 volumes were housed in grain depots near the Alexandria harbor, which were supposedly incinerated when Julius Caesar torched the fleet of Cleopatras brother and rival monarch.  [32]   However, Hannam argues this would likely be the number of papyrus scrolls and many of these were needed to make up an entire book. He believes that Senecas figure of 40,000 is more reasonable and still makes the Royal Library much larger than any of the later classical or medieval libraries.  [33]  Using Gellius as a source, the figure reaches 700,000 books. It is clear that ancient figures vary by wide margins.  [34]  The higher numbers have been accepted by many modern scholars, in spite of the fact that lacking modern inventory systems, ancient librarians, even if they cared to, scarcely had the time or means to count their collections.  [35]   How the Royal Library was destroyed In 48 BCE, Caesar was pursuing Pompey into Egypt when he was cut off by an Egyptian fleet at Alexandria. Outnumbered and in enemy territory, Caesar ordered the ships in the harbor to be set on fire. The fire spread and burned down part of the city where the great Library stood. The earliest account of the destruction of the Library in The Civil Wars by Julius Caesar who states he had to set the fleet in the harbor on fire for his own safety and that some ports arsenals also went up in flames. Plutarch, writing his Life of Caesar at the end of the first century CE, refers that the renowned library was burnt down by the fire Caesar.  [36]  Aulus Gellius, a second century author, included in his Attic Nights a brief passage about libraries where the destruction of the Royal Library is mentioned as taking place by accident during the Romans first war against Alexandria when auxiliary soldiers started a fire.  [37]   In a later book The Alexandrine War 1, Caesar does not mention setting fire to Alexandria but does state that the city was made of stone and would not burn.  [38]  Some scholars argue that Alexandria burns as well as any city and perhaps Caesar was attempting to hide his actions.  [39]  Cicero is silent on a fire in Alexandria in his Philippics.  [40]  . The second story of the Librarys destruction is more popular, thanks primarily to Gibbons The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Theophilus was Patriarch of Alexandria from 385 to 412 CE. During his reign the Temple of Serapis was converted into a Christian Church, and it is likely that many documents were destroyed then. Legend has it that Hypatia, a fifth-century scholar and mathematician of Alexandria, was dragged from her chariot by a mob of monks who burned her upon the remnants of the old Library.  [41]   One of the most famous legends about the Great Library is that of it being burnt down on the instructions of the Caliph Omar after Alexandria had been captured by the Arabs. However, Edward Gibbon reports this is not true.  [42]  In 640 CE the Moslems took the city of Alexandria although this story is attributed to a Christian who spent a great deal of time writing about Moslem atrocities without much historical documentation. Unfortunately most of the writers from Plutarch (who apparently blamed Caesar) to Edward Gibbons (blamed Christians) to Bishop Gregory (who was particularly anti-Moslem, blamed Omar) may be biased. It is possible that the collection ebbed and flowed as some documents were destroyed and others were added. For instance, Mark Antony was supposed to have given Cleopatra over 200,000 scrolls for the Library long after Julius Caesar is accused of burning it. It is likely that even if the Museum was destroyed with the main library, the outlying daughter library at the Temple of Serapis continued on. Many writers seem to equate the Library of Alexandria with the Library of Serapis although technically they were in two different parts of the city.  [43]  Historian Canfora is skeptical and her interpretation is that Plutarchs passage is an interpolation  [44]  . Hannam interprets Plutarch as merely reporting a list of slanders against Antony made others.  [45]   Hannam maintains that the Royal Library of Alexandria was not standing during the Christian era. It is his theory that a major library was founded at the Serapeum during its rebuilding in the second century CE and that this library became confused in the minds of various writers with the Royal Library of the Ptolemies that had disappeared over two centuries before. The Serapeum ceased to be when a Christian mob tore it down to the foundations under the leadership of the orthodox patriarch Theophilus after he had received word from the Emperor Theodosius. The year this happened is generally fixed to AD391 and it is one of the best attested events in late antiquity. The Serapeum library was probably founded as an adornment to the new Roman temple. Although there are no details as to its size, it would have been quite large enough to be confused with the earlier Royal Library.  [46]   The Library is often portrayed as the repository of all ancient wisdom and that its loss meant that science would progress at a much slower pace. Hannam believes the truth of the matter is that the Library was an important institution in the history but that its destruction in the first century BCE did not spell the end of ancient scholarship. In fact, Alexandria remained the Mediterraneans intellectual capital for seven centuries afterwards due to the library in the Serapeum and patronage of Roman Emperors. Hannam goes on to explain that in the final analysis, the Arab invasion ended the story of the Alexandria library. A that point, the cultural inheritance from the ancient world would be preserved in Constantinople and Baghdad.  [47]   Historian Luciano Canfora explains that placing the Librarys disappearance in the first century B.C.E., as opposed to four centuries later or even later at the end of the seventh century, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦necessarily alters our perception of the quality of the Greek literature that has come down to us. Canfora recounts the major theories: the catastrophe is blamed either on Julius Caesar (48/47 B.C.E.) or on the fanaticism of the Arabs who conquered Alexandria in 642 A.D. Canfora supports the latter theory because the flow translations from Greek flowing through Egypt came to a halt at the end of the seventh century. Roger Bagnalls theory is that the disappearance of the Library is the result of the end of the impetus and interest that brought it into being and of the lack of the kind of sustained management and maintenance that would have seen it through successive transitions in the physical media by means of which the texts could have been transmitted. The library of Alexandria began to disappear when the community of scholars for which it had been created was broken up; or when, as Bagnall says, the generative impetus of the first centuries ended. Conclusions Repeatedly rebuilt, modified, and burned, the few facts that can be determined about the Librarys long history convey its semi-legendary status. Delia has underlined the literary and romantic character of these traditions, which are not more reliable, from a historical point of view, than the novel.  [48]   The central place of the Alexandrian library in Western cultural memory derives from a combination of several factors: the foundation project; the connection between the library and the Museum; the capability of the Alexandrian library to generate knowledge, and not only to accumulate it; its destruction, a symbol of countless similar tragedies. Each of these elements concerns the present and future of our civilization, no less than its ancient roots.